SYNOPSIS FOR M.SC(AG) THESIS

                                                   SYNOPSIS

                                                                

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) IN HORTICULTURE

EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIO- FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND

QUALITY OF CABBAGE

Submitted By: SUBI TABA ROLL NO. M-582/12 Registration. No. 8067 Supervisor : Dr. V.B Singh, HOD Department of Horticulture, SASRD. Nagaland University. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT MEDZIPHEMA CAMPUS NAGALAND UNIVERSITY MEDZIPHEMA – 797106, NAGALAND

                                             

                    

                  

                                            INTRODUCTION

India is endowed with a wide range of climatic conditions, which provides opportunities for growing a large number of crops. India has emerged as the second largest producer of vegetables next to China and share 11% of world production with an area of 8.00 m ha under vegetable cultivation, production of 129.10 mt and productivity of 15.82 t / ha.

          The importance and impact of vegetables in the history of human civilization can never be overlooked. Man since the old times have discovered the art of growing vegetables as a major source of their food and nutritional requirements. In simple words, vegetables are those herbaceous plant of which the whole plant or their some part is harvested at tender stage and eaten either raw or cooked. During the

last few decades, interest in vegetable growing and marketing has increased rapidly as a result of greater appreciation of the value of vegetable food and of the place of vegetable in the nation’s agricultural GDP. Growing of vegetable is not only important for providing protective food but they also play a very important role in the pattern of agriculture.

         

India has emerged as the largest producer of cabbage with total estimated production of 5.92 million tonnes  from an area of 0.26 million ha , whereas in Nagaland the production of cabbage is around 14.76 thousand tonnes  from an area of 0.99 thousand hectare  with a productivity of 14.91 tonnes/ha. (Kikon, 2004).

          Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. var capitata) is a cole crop and belongs to the family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae having chromosome number 2n=2x=18. It is believed to have originated from Western Europe and Mediterranean region (De Candolle, 1882). Cabbage is a cool season crop but adapted to a wide range of climates and soils but best results are obtained in a cool environment with a monthly temperature of 13˚C to 16 ˚ C and where soil is well supplied with fertility and moisture. Frost is believed to improve the quality of cabbage. Cabbage has four distinct uses viz. salads, boiling, pickling and sauerkraut. It is an important vegetable of the cole crop and holds second position as an important remunerative vegetable in India (Rai and Pandey, 2005). It is grown for thickened main bud called head. The taste in cabbage is due to “Sinigrin glucoside” which is pergative. Cabbage is useful in urine disorders, constipation and inflammation. It has many medicinal properties and is considered anti- diarrheic, anti- bronchial, anti- hoarseness, anti- ulceric, anti-cancer and anti-osteoporosis. It has a high vitamin C content and rich in minerals. I also has vitamin A, B, B₂ and C₁. 100 g edible cabbage contains 91.9 % water, 4.6 % carbohydrates, 1.8 % protein, 0.1 % fat, 1.0 % fat, 1.0 % fibre and 0.6% minerals.

       In Nagaland, cabbage is grown as a major crop during the winter and a minor crop during the summer but the productivity is very low in spite of its great potential in the state. Due to preference of old methods and techniques of raising familiar crops, farmers of Nagaland has not taken Cabbage as a major crop. To study the various parameters of growth, yield and quality of cabbage in Nagaland, the present research entitled “ EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CABBAGE” is being carried out to postulate the effect of various organic manures and bio-fertilizers on cabbage. Due to increasing demands for food supply by the ever growing population, production systems using chemicals and fertilizers were adopted. This has dramatic effect on the enhancement of production and productivity, but not without a cost. Land degradation, decline in factor productivity and above all health hazards are observed, which attracted the attention calling for integrated management for sustainable production. With the present scenario with environment pollution which is detrimental to the sustainability there is an urgent need for adoption of a farming practice which ensures soil health, human health, animal health and environmental health. Consequently, people are turning to organically grown foods which promises nutritious and safe food and market for organic foods is expanding at the rate of 12-15% annually.

      Organic manures are derived from decayed plant/ animal matters and are free from harmful chemicals. Bio fertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces or soil colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the availability of primary nutrients to the plants. Both organic manures and bio fertilizers are extremely advantageous in enriching soil fertility and do not contain any chemicals which are harmful. Bio fertilizers like Rhizobium , Azotobacter, Azospirillum and blue green algae (BGA) are extremely cost effective than the chemical fertilizers and increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25% and stimulates plant growth, provide protection against drought and soil-borne diseases. Azotobacter (Nitrogenous biofertilizer) converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonical form which is made available to plants and Phosphotica (Phosphotic biofertilizer) solubilize fixed phosphorus already in the soil and make it available to the plants. Organic manures feeds the soil and maintains sustainability in the agro-ecosystem.

FYM                 (0.5% N, 0.2% P and 0.35%K)

Poultry manure  (2.8%N, 2.6%P and 1.2%K) 

Pig manure        (1%N, 0.50%P and 0.60%K)

Vermicompost   (3%N, 1%P and 1.5%K) are source of manures.

  N was estimated by Kjeldahle Method( A.O.A.C, 1970 ), Phosphorus by Jackson, 1969 and Potash by Flame Photometer.    

       Growing of crops by the combined package of organic manures and biofertilizers brings forth the Organic farming which is in vogue today and especially in Nagaland and the other North-eastern states Organic farming could find a new market scope. Organic farming relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to the local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. It combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.

        

So keeping in mind the sustainability of ecosystem of Nagaland, the present investigation “ EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CABBAGE” is proposed with the following objectives:

1. To study the effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on the growth, yield and quality of cabbage.

2. To find out the appropriate combination of organic manures and biofertilizers in cabbage under                        

The prevailing agro-climatic conditions of Nagaland.

                

      3.   To estimate the economics of cabbage for different treatments.

       4.   To study the fertility status of the soil before and after harvest.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

             EFFECTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CABBAGE

Naidu et al. (2001) conducted an experiment to study the use of organic, inorganic and biofertilizers in relation to growth and yield of tomato. They reported that the application of 100 kg N + 50 kg P₂O_{5 +} 50 kg K₂O + 20 tonne FYM/ha was significantly superior than other combinations and gave maximum plant height (50.68 cm), number of leaves per plant (49.50), number of branches per plant (16.83) and number of

flower clusters per plant (19.25).

Jayathilake et al (2002) conducted experiment on Integrated Nutrient Management on Onion recorded maximum bulb yield (42.02 t/ha) of onion when 50% N was applied through vermicompost and 50% N through chemical fertilizers along with Azospirillum.

Anant et al. (2004) conducted to evaluate the effects of organic manure and biofertilizers on the growth and yield of cabbage and reported that press mud + VAM recorded the highest values for number of outer leaves (13.3), fresh weight of outer leaves (146.67g) and number of inner leaves (13.7).

Choudhary et al. (2004) reported that the highest plant growth parameter of cauliflower was recorded with Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and FYM along inorganic fertilizers.

Goswami et al. (2004) reported that there was significant increase in the number of wrapper leaves in cabbage that received poultry manure along with half of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer.

Gupta and Samnotra (2004) studied the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen on growth, quality and yield of cabbage cv. Golden Acre and reported that the application of 90 kg N + Azospirillum resulted in the greatest plant height (25.08 cm) and number of wrapper leaves (31.33).

Choudhary and Choudhary (2005) reported that the vegetative growth of hybrid cabbage in terms of plant height, plant spread and number of outer leaves per plant increased considerably with increasing N and P rates.

Singh et al. (2006) showed that the integrated effect of bio-inoculants (Azotobacter and PSM) along with organic and inorganic fertilizer had significant and positive effect on stem length, number of primary roots, number of non-wrapper leaves and number of outer leaves of cabbage.

Upadhvav et al. (2007) in their experiment Effect of biofertilizers in combination of organic amendments on growth, yield and quality attributes of Cabbage reported that the use of biofertilizers in combination with organic amendments significantly influenced the ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total carbohydrates and crude fibre content.

Ghuge et al. (2007) conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on the growth and yield of cabbage cv. Pride of India and reported that the treatment with 50% recommended dose of fertilizer at 150:80:75 kg NPK/ha + 50% vermicompost at 2.5 tonnes per hectare gave the maximum plant spread in cabbage.

Rai et al. (2007) carried an experiment to study the effect of FYM on cabbage cv. Green Globe and the result indicated that the biochemical constituents of cabbage (viz. vitamin C 53.2 mg/ 100 g and vitamin E 0.044 mg/ 100g), nutrient content and micro nutrients were found to be significantly higher under application of  FYM at 20 t/ha.

Sentiyangla et al. (2010) studied the integrated effect of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of radish. Results showed that significant growth of radish as found with application of 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizer.

Khan et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of Azospirillum, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on the yield of cauliflower. Maximum yield was obtained with the application of Azospirillum + 100% RDF (213.25 and 219.95 q/ha), followed by

Azospirillum + 75% dose of N, during both years.

Padamwar and Dakore (2010) studied the effect of vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM) and biofertilizers on the nutritional quality of cole crops in the banks of Godavari, Nanded, Maharashtra and found that there was significant increase in percentage dry matter, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin C and calcium contents of curd of all the cole crops due to application of vermicompost fertilizers.

Sarkar et al. (2010) found out that cabbage seedlings before transplanting inoculated by dipping in the Azotobacter slurry for 20 minutes had significant impact on the yield attributing characters and yield of cabbage. Plants inoculated with biofertilizers recorded a head yield of 31.77 t/ha, which was 19.66% higher over the uninoculated plants.

Singh et al. (2010) in their experiment recorded significant performance of plant spread (70.97 cm) and plant height (38.70 cm) of cabbage cv. Pusa Mukta treated with nitrogen level of 180 kg/ha.

Gorakh and Keshav (2011) studied the role of vermicompost as bifertilizer for the productivity of Cauliflower and found that Vermicompost singly and in binary combination with different biopesticide were used in agricultural field to control the infestation of nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and high yield of cauliflower crop.

Upadhvav et al. (2012) in their experiment Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on yield, growth  matter partitioning and quality traits of cabbage reported that treatments comprising recommended fertilizers package coupled with seedling inoculation in any biofertilizer had relatively higher dry matter in leaves (head), higher number of non-wrapper leaves and head yield. Application of vermicompost plus seedling inoculation in Azospirillum showed greater head yield. Significantly higher ascorbic acid content in head was registered with the use of FYM along with VAM.

 Chihyu et al. (2012) in Taiwan found that inoculation of compost pile with the isolated bacteria shortened the germination time of Chinese cabbage (Brassica paruchinensis), the highest germination percentage, 99% was obtained in the 25% compost and 75% peat mixture.

Freitas et al. (2011) in Brazil found that top dressing fertilizations with 5.0 t/ha of biomas increased significantly in the Broccoli inflorescence.

Ranjit et al. (2012) in West Bengal in their experiment Enhancement of head yield and quality of cabbage by combining different sources of nutrients  found out that Vermicompost was a better organic nutrient as compared to FYM. Inoculation with Azophos, a commercial biofertilizer preparation containing the Azotobacter and  phosphate solubilising bacteria exerted more positive result over uninoculated treatments and benefits of biofertilizer application were more in presence of vermicompost as compared to Farmyard manure.

Yeptho et al. (2012) conducted a field experiment on quality production of Kharif Onion (Allium cepa) in response to biofertilizers inoculated organic manures 20 tonne/ha was a better source of manuring with regard to increasing plant height, number of leaves and other yield components followed by FYM 40 tonnes/ha and vermicompost 10 tonnes/ha under foothills condition of Nagaland.

Chumyani et al. (2012) conducted experiment on integrated nutrient management and found that 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers recorded maximum plant height, number of leaves and number of branches in tomato.

                         MATERIALS AND METHODS:

 The present investigation entitled “EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURES AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CABBAGE” will be carried out in the Experimental Farm of Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Medziphema Campus, Nagaland University from September 2012 to January 2013. Geographically, it is located at 25° 45' 43’’ N latitude and 95° 53' 04″ E longitude and situated at an altitude of  304.8 m above the mean sea level having a sub-tropical climate.  

TECHNICAL PROGRAMME:

1. Design                                       :Randomized Block Design
2. Plot Size                                    : 1.8 m x 1.8 m                            :
3. No. of Treatments                     : 13   
4. Replication                                :  3
5. Cultivar                                     :  F₁ Y₁ Roshni
6. Spacing                                     :                                  

TREATMENTS:

T₁   : Control of growth, yield and quality of cabbage

T₂    : FYM ( 50 t/ha)        

_T3    : Pig manure (40 t/ha)

T₄    : Poultry Manure (25 t/ha)

T₅    : Vermicompost ( 10 t/ha)

T₆    : FYM + Azotobacter

T₇    : Pig Manure + Azotobacter

T₈    : Poultry Manure + Azotobacter

T₉    : Vermicompost + Azotobacter

T₁₀  : T 6 + Phosphotica

T₁₁  : T 7 + Phosphotica

T₁₂  : T 8 + Phosphotica

T₁₃  : T 9 + Phosphotica

   Full doses of manures to be applied at the time of land preparation and biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Phosphotica) to be applied by seedling dip treatment before transplanting.

OBSERVATIONS TO BE RECORDED:

A.       GROWTH PARAMETERS

a.       Plant height (cm)

b.      Stalk length (cm)

c.       Number of non-wrapper leaves per plant

d.      Plant spread (cm)

B.       YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES:

a.       Head diameter (cm)

b.      Head size (cm)

c.       Net head weight (g)

d.      Gross head weight (g)

e.       Head compactness

f.       Head yield/plot (kg/ha)

g.      Head yield (tonnes/ha

C.       QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:

a.       Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g)

b.      Phosphorus

D.        ECONOMICS OF THE DIFFERENT TREATMENTS

       E. NPK, Organic Carbon and pH status of the soil before and after

         Harvest.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The mean data of each character would be replicated three times and each character would be worked out statistically by the method of Analysis of variance using RBD (Panse and Sukhatme, 1989).

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