This is a credit seminar presented by me on 15th may 2014 as a part of my M.Sc credit program in Horticulture in SASRD, Nagaland University. This can be used for reference by by junior students or other interested students for the study of oganic inputs and organic farming researches carried out in Nagaland on vegetables.
CREDIT SEMINAR (HOR-591)
ON
IMPACT OF ORGANIC INPUTS ON IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPS OF NAGALAND
Submitted
by:
SUBI
TABA
ROLL
NO : M-582/12
M.Sc. (Ag.) (Horticulture)
2nd year
Registration.
No. 8067 (2012-13)
Supervisor :Prof.
V.B Singh
Department
of Horticulture, SASRD.
Nagaland
University.
DEPARTMENT
OF HORTICULTURE
SCHOOL
OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
NAGALAND
UNIVERSITY
MEDZIPHEMA
CAMPUS-797106, NAGALAND
CONTENTS
Sl. No.
1.
INTRODUCTON
2.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.
IMPACT OF ORGANIC INPUTS
ON IMPORTANT VEGETABLE
CROPS OF NAGALAND
i.
Cabbage
ii.
Tomato
iii.
Onion
iv.
Chilli
v.
Cauliflower
vi.
Naga King Chilli
vii.
Capsicum
4.
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF
ORGANIC INPUT USE IN NAGALAND
5.
NEED OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
6. CONCLUSION
7.
REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
Nagaland
is strategically located where all types of agro-climatic conditions suitable
for cultivation of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate vegetables are
available. Although, the geography of the land does not provide a good scope
for cultivation of cereal crops on economical scale except in some flat lands
and valleys, it provides an added advantage for the development of horticulture crops
especially vegetables. So far, the people of the State have not been able to
tap the available natural resources and potentialities and therefore, an
attempt to improve the state’s economy lies in the systemic planning to harness
manpower resources to tap the available natural resources and potentialities
properly. The total vegetable production of the state in the year 2010-11 was
330391 MTs from a total area of 43325 ha. The important vegetable crops grown
in Nagaland are cabbage, tomato, onion, garden pea, cauliflower, brinjal,
beans, cucumber. The important leafy vegetables include lai (Brassica juncea),
lafa (Malvaverticillata), palak (Spinaceaoleracea). In addition
to these a wide variety of indigenous leafyvegetables are also available. These
are amaranth (Amaranthusspp), puroi sag (VasellarubraandB.alba),
sorrel (Rumexrasicarius), etc. Other indigenous leafy vegetables used
occasionally arejilmilsag (Chenopodium album) and Kalmou sag (Ipomeareptans).
Amaranthusviridis, A. lividus, A.retroflexusandA.
spinosusare important leafy types grown in North East India (Sarma, 2001).Traditionally
Nagas have adopted a system agricultural practices without the use of external
inputs, as such Nagaland is one of the lowest consumer of chemical fertilizers
in the country @ 1.5 kg/ha which is negligible by any standard. The nutrient
requirements of crops in traditional agricultural system of the Nagas, depends
only on a natural resources (biomass). Therefore farming practices in Nagaland
is organic by default and is yet to be an organic by design,” according to the
Annual Administrative Report of Agriculture department presented in the state
assembly session (2008). The report added that the demands for organic
commodities are growing day by day.
The
organic inputs used in organic and integrated farming are:
i.
Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
ii.
Compost
iii.
Biogas slurry
iv.
Animal wastes
v.
Crop residue management
vi.
Forest bye products
vii.
Concentrated oil cakes
viii.
Sewage and sludges
ix.
City garbage
x.
Coir pith
xi.
Vermicompost
xii.
Green manuring crops
xiii.
Biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum,
BGA, PSM, VAM)
Table.1.
Nutrient status of some organic inputs
S.
No
|
Category
|
Source
|
Nutrient
content (%)
|
||||
N
|
P2O5
|
K2O
|
|||||
1.
|
Animal
wastes
|
Cattle
dung
|
0.3-0.4
|
0.10-0.15
|
0.15-0.20
|
||
Cattle
urine
|
0.80
|
0.01-0.12
|
0.50-0.70
|
||||
Sheep
& goat dung
|
0.65
|
0.05
|
0.03
|
||||
Night
soil
|
1.2-1.5
|
0.8
|
0.5
|
||||
Leather
waste
|
0.65
|
0.05
|
0.3
|
||||
Hair
and wool waste
|
12.3
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
||||
2.
|
FYM/
Compost
|
Farm
Yard Manure
|
0.5-1.0
|
0.15-0.20
|
0.50-0.60
|
||
Poultry
manure
|
2.87
|
2.90
|
2.35
|
||||
Town
compost
|
1.5-2.0
|
1.0
|
1.5
|
||||
Rural
compost
|
0.5-1.0
|
0.2
|
0.50
|
||||
3.
|
Oil
cakes
|
Castor
|
5.5-5.8
|
1.8
|
1.00
|
||
Cotton
seed
|
3.9
|
1.8
|
1.60
|
||||
Karanja
|
3.9-4.0
|
0.9-1.0
|
1.30
|
||||
Neem
|
5.2
|
1.0
|
1.40
|
||||
Niger
|
4.8
|
1.8
|
1.30
|
||||
Rape
seed
|
5.1
|
1.8
|
1.30
|
||||
Linseed
|
5.5
|
1.4
|
1.20
|
||||
Sunflower
|
4.8
|
1.4
|
1.20
|
||||
4.
|
Animal
meals
|
Blood
|
10-12
|
1.2
|
1.00
|
||
Fish
meal
|
4-10
|
3-9
|
1.80
|
||||
The
organic inputs widely used in the production of vegetables in Nagaland are FYM
(Farm Yard Manure), poultry manure, pig manure, vermicompost, garden soil,
green manures, biofertilizers like Rhizobium,
Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Phosphotica. Organic farming helps in maintaining
environment health, reduces human and animal health hazards and helps in
keeping agricultural production at a higher level and makes it sustainable. It
ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short-term benefit and
helps in conserving them for future generation and also reduces risk of crop
failure. Further it also improves the soil physical properties such as
granulation, and good tilth, good aeration, easy root penetration and improves water-holding
capacity besides retention of soil nutrients and promotes favourable chemical
reactions.
Organic
farming is a holistic, low-input agricultural production system working with,
rather than against, natural systems. The soil is the heart of an organic
system, feeding plants via intricate relationships with micro flora and fauna.
Microbial activity within the soil processes organic matter to provide a range
of minerals and nutrients. These are used by crops to achieve healthy, vigorous
growth. Biodiversity within the system and optimum crop health, work together
to minimise the incidence of pest and disease attack. The nutrient cycle is
completed by returning organic matter back to the soil that has been removed
through production and harvest of the crop. The building and maintenance of
soil structure and the provision of essential nutrients and minerals, including
N, P and K, is therefore achieved using a number of fundamental processes
including planting legumes, effective crop rotations, incorporating green
manures, appropriate application and incorporation of composts and composted
farm yard manure (FYM). Nutrition plays an important role in the growth and
development of all the vegetable crops because it is known to exhibit food
supply for the physiological requirements of the crops. Organic inputs like
biofertilizers release growth promoting substance including auxins and
vitamins, which improve germination of seed and of seedlings. They also help in
improving biological activities of desirable microorganisms in the soil and
improve plant growth, yield and quality of produce. The microorganisms like Azotobacter areconsidered important not
only for their nitrogen fixing efficiency but also for their ability to produce
antibacterial and antifungal compounds and growth regulators. Likewise,
phosphate solubilizing microbes like Phosphotica are found to be effective in
improving phosphorus efficiency (Kumar and Srivastava, 2006). Organic farming
is a form of agricultural system which avoids or largely excludes the use of
synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc.
and to the maximum extent feasible relies upon crop rotations, crop residues,
animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and
biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection. The role of
organic agriculture whether in farming, processing,
distribution or consumption is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystem
and organism from the smallest in the soil to human beings (Amrutraya, 2011).
After
green revolution, production of vegetables has increased to a great extent due
to use of chemical fertilizers but their indiscriminate use has led the soil
sickness, ecological hazards and depletion of non-renewable sources of energy.
Moreover in the developing countries like India, the escalating prices of
fertilizers are hitting small and marginal farmers. To overcome the problems of
ecological imbalance and increased cost of cultivation due to continuous use of
chemical fertilizers, the latest trend of growing vegetables by using organic
inputs is considered to be ecologically and economically viable.
2.
REVIEW
OF LITERATURE
Only few researches have been carried out in
Nagaland using organic inputs alone, most of the researches have been done on
the commonly grown vegetables in the state by the research students of the
premier institution for agricultural sciences in the state, School of
Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Medziphema campus,
Nagaland University.
In a research carried out by Vimeraet al. in 2008it was observed that the
use of FYM in corporation with biofertilizers had significant positive effect on
growth characters, number of branches, leaves as well as the yield attributes
like number of fruit per plant, fresh weight of fruit, fruit length, fruit
diameter of Naga King Chilli. Higher vegetative growth might have helped the
synthesis of greater amount of food material which were later translocated into
developing fruits resulting in increased fruit length and fruit diameter. This
might be due to favourable effect of organic manures in INM in supplying
essential nutrient in balanced ratio and improving physical, chemical and
biological properties of soil which helps in better nutrient absorption and
utilization by plants and result higher value of yield and quality characters.The biofertilizers
that was used were Azotobacter and
Phosphotica.
Traditionally in Nagaland king chillies are grown in
burned soil with wood ash. King chilli responds very well to added nutrients in
the soil. Use of organic manures help in mitigating multiple nutrient
deficiencies and reduces the soluble and exchangeable aluminium temporarily by
forming complex with organic manures and provides favourable environment for
plant growth in addition improvement in physical, chemical and biological
properties of the soil (Patiram, 1996).
Marinus etal.carried
out a research on evaluation of botanicals and biocontrol agents against Colletotrichumcapsici on King chilli in
Medziphema campus which found out that bioagents like Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas
fluorescens were very effective inhibiting mycelial growth of the pathogen.
Among the plant extracts Allium sativum
(10%) and Azadirachta indica (10%)
demonstrated the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of C. capsici. Field evaluation of effective plant extracts and
antagonistic organisms and fungicides revealed that spraying with T. viride (2%) caused the maximum
disease reduction (62.04%) followed by P.
fluorescens (60.42%). However, the plant extracts and antagonistic
organisms only ranked next to fungicide (Bavistin 0.1%) with 82.21% disease
reduction.
Sentiyanglaet al. (2010) studied the integrated
effect of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers on growth,
yield and quality of radish. Results revealed that significant growth of radish
was found with the application of 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizer.
Sentiyanglaet al. (2010) studied on
the effect of INM for quality production of radish and reported maximum TSS
(4.330Brix), vitamin C (24.93 mg/ 100g) and nutrient uptake with 50%
NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers.
Merentolaet al. (2012) reported that treatment
comprising of 50% NPK + 50% FYM + biofertilizer recorded maximum values of
yield attributing characters in cabbage viz. head diameter (13.36 cm), head
size (169.63 cm2), head compactness (96.91), gross head weight
(1392.61 g) and net head weight (1141.87 g). It also recorded maximum yield per
plot (18.27 kg) and yield per hectare (563.79 q). They also reported highest
ascorbic acid content (116.97 mg/ 100g) in cabbage with the treatment of 50%
NPK + 50% FYM + biofertilizer.
A field
experiment was conducted during the period of September 2012 to July 2013 at
Horticulture Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural
Development, Medziphema, Nagaland by Kavita Bade to evaluate the effect of
organic manures and bio-fertilizers on the growth, yield and quality of chilli
cv. PusaJwala. Treatments comprised : T1(Control),
T2 (FYM @ 40 tha-1), T3 (Pig manure @ 30 tha-1),
T4 (Poultry manure @ 20tha-1), T5(Vermicompost
@ 10tha-1 ), T6 (FYM+ Azotobacter),
T7 (Pig manure + Azotobacter),
T8(Poultry manure + Azotobacter),
T9(Vermicompost + Azotobacter),
T10(FYM+Azotobacter+
Phosphotika), T11 (Pig manure + Azotobacter
+ Phosphotika), T12(Poultry manure + Azotobacter +Phosphotika), T13 ( Vermicompost + Azotobacter+ Phosphotika). Among the various thirteen
treatments, the combination of poultry manure + Azotobacter + Phosphotika stimulated better response. The growth,
yield, ascorbic acid, TSS and NPK uptake by chilli plants were influenced by
the application of organic manures and bio-fertilizers in combination. The
maximum dry yield of 10.93q ha-1,
ascorbic acid content of 300.00
mg, TSS (12 0 Brix) and 312.50kg ha-1, 20.15 kg ha-1
and 264.00 kg ha-1 of NPK uptake and the highest profit were
recorded in the treatment combination of
Poultry manure + Azotobacter +
Phosphotika. Thus, combine use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers proved
better in improving the growth, yield and quality than using organic alone.
3.
IMPACT OF ORGANIC INPUTS
ON IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPS OF NAGALAND
CABBAGE
The
climatic condition of the foothills of Nagaland is very conducive for
commercial cultivation of cabbage. Cabbage is grown as a major crop during the
winter and as minor crop during the summer in mid and higher hills. Inspite of
favourable agro climatic conditions the production of cabbage in Nagaland is
not sufficient to meet domestic requirement and therefore, huge quantity is
being imported from outside the state (Kedino, 2008).
Zangoet al.
(2009) studied the effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth,
yield and quality of cabbage and result showed that higher plant height and
stalk length were obtained with FYM at 60 t ha-1. It was also
reported that the treatment of FYM at 60 t ha-1 gave higher vitamin
C content (143.19 mg/ 100g) of cabbage. Among the various level of
bio-fertilizer inoculation, Azotobacter @ 10 kg ha-1 resulted
in maximum plant height in cabbage.
Merentolaet al.
(2012) reported that treatment comprising of 50% NPK + 50% FYM + biofertilizer
recorded maximum values of yield attributing characters in cabbage viz. head
diameter (13.36 cm), head size (169.63 cm2), head compactness
(96.91), gross head weight (1392.61 g) and net head weight (1141.87 g). It also
recorded maximum yield per plot (18.27 kg) and yield per hectare (563.79 q).Merentolaet al. (2012) reported highest ascorbic
acid content (116.97 mg/ 100g) in cabbage with the treatment of 50% NPK + 50%
FYM + biofertilizer.
A research work was carried out by me on the
“Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality
of cabbage” was carried out in the experimental farm of the School of
Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Medziphema, Nagaland University,
during the period of October, 2012 to January, 2013. Growth characters with
respect to plant height (20.03cm) and plant spread (32.86 cm) was recorded
maximum with the application of T5
(Vermicompost 10 t ha-1) whereas maximum stalk length (6.88 cm) and
minimum number of non- wrapper leaves (10.50) which is desirable was observed
in T7 (Pig manure + Azotobacter).
Similarly, the effect of treatment combinations on
yield and yield attributing characters were observed and found superior over
control. The result of the findings indicate that T10 (FYM
+
Azotobacter+ Phosphotica)
recorded maximum result in all yield attributing characters such as head
diameter (12.78 cm), head size (164.99 cm2), gross head weight
(1273.80g) and net head weight (911.46 g). Maximum yield per plot (10.93 kg),
as well as projected yield per hectare (337.57 q) was recorded highest in the
treatment T10 (FYM + Azotobacter+
Phosphotica).
It is observed that maximum head compactness (79.45)
was recorded in T10 (FYM + Azotobacter+
Phosphotica). Maximum phosphorus content (0.32 %) was reported in T6
(FYM + Azotobacter), maximum
potassium content (0.92%) was reported in T10 (FYM + Azotobacter + Phosphotica) and the
maximum shelf life (15 days) was recorded in T2 (FYM 50 t ha-1).
The maximum available nitrogen after harvest (403.10
kg ha-1) was found in T4 (Poultry Manure 25 t ha-1).
Also the application of T4 (Poultry Manure 25 t ha-1)
recorded maximum available P2O5 (20.70 kg ha-1)
after harvest and available K2O (203.81 kg ha-1) after
harvest. Maximum organic carbon (2.18%) and soil pH (4.87) after harvest were
also recorded with the application of T10 (FYM + Azotobacter + Phosphotica).
The economics of different treatments were calculated and highest profit (Rs.
613,540) and highest cost benefit ratio of 1:9.96 was obtained from T10
(FYM + Azotobacter+ Phosphotica).
From this conclusion, we can draw that if organic
farming is carried out with incorporation of vermicompost and FYM + Azotobacter+ Phosphotica, it
gives one of the best growth and yield attributes in Cabbage in the Nagaland
foothills conditions.
Table 2. Effect
of manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality parameters of
Cabbage hybrid cv. Green Gold by KedinoZango (2009)
Treatments
|
Plant height (cm)
|
Stalk length (cm)
|
No. of non-wrapper leaves
|
Plant spread (cm)
|
Head diameter (cm)
|
Head size (cm2)
|
Head compactness
|
Head yield per plot (kg)
|
Head yield per hectare (q)
|
Vitamin C (mg/100g)
|
Shelf life (days)
|
Net income (Rs/ha)
|
Control
|
21.75
|
4.60
|
12.60
|
29.50
|
8.07
|
79.76
|
62.69
|
8.75
|
269.81
|
134.45
|
12.00
|
90,905
|
FYM @ 60t/ha
|
29.45
|
7.77
|
7.10
|
45.73
|
12.91
|
237.39
|
135.65
|
15.16
|
467.62
|
143.19
|
15.33
|
159810
|
Pigmanure @ 40t/ha
|
26.13
|
6.45
|
9.10
|
37.10
|
11.01
|
164.90
|
88.96
|
11.80
|
363.93
|
141.29
|
14.30
|
107965
|
Vermicompost @ 10t/ha
|
28.30
|
6.97
|
8.00
|
39.39
|
11.15
|
194.05
|
113.64
|
13.56
|
418.35
|
142.38
|
14.50
|
65175
|
Poultry manure @ 25t/ha
|
24.42
|
5.60
|
8.60
|
36.72
|
9.62
|
141.68
|
76.97
|
10.78
|
332.77
|
140.70
|
14.00
|
97385
|
50% FYM +Biofertilizers
|
26.87
|
7.10
|
8.30
|
43.20
|
10.70
|
161.05
|
96.74
|
12.29
|
378.13
|
140.50
|
14.00
|
129865
|
50% Pigmanure + Biofertilizers
|
24.50
|
5.60
|
9.20
|
32.25
|
8.65
|
107.32
|
66.47
|
9.19
|
283.29
|
139.06
|
13.66
|
82445
|
50% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers
|
25.50
|
6.60
|
9.50
|
34.50
|
9.13
|
102.15
|
74.96
|
9.74
|
300.57
|
139.87
|
14.00
|
56085
|
50% Poultry manure +
biofertilizers
|
22.60
|
4.80
|
9.60
|
32.30
|
8.45
|
97.41
|
62.98
|
8.88
|
274.13
|
138.50
|
13.33
|
80365
|
TOMATO
Yepthoet al.
(2012) conducted a pot experiment to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth,
yield and quality of tomato under
poly-house condition and revealed that integrated application of 50% NPK + 50%
Poultry manure + Biofertilizers recorded significantly higher plant height
(164.33 cm), number of branches per plant (12.26) and number of leaves per
plant (58.19). Yepthoet al. (2012) recorded highest yield (77.541 ha-1) and
also the highest net return of Rs 3,49,887 with integrated application of 50% NPK + 50%
Poultry manure + Biofertilizers in tomato.Yepthoet al. (2012) also reported that integrated application of 50% NPK
+ 50% poultry manure + Biofertilizers in tomato resulted in maximum TSS (6.670Brix)
and vitamin C content (79.70 mg/ 100g) over other treatments. It is
concluded that poultry manure @ 20 t ha-1 along with Azotobacter application resulted in
maximum plant growth, bulb yield and better nutrient uptake.
Chumyaniet al.
(2012) conducted a field experiment to study the effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth, yield and quality of tomato cv. Punjab Chhuhara under
foothill condition of Nagaland. Results revealed that application of different
levels of fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers either alone or in
combination significantly increased the growth, yield and quality of tomato as
compared to control. The maximum fruit yield (486.89 q ha-1) was
recorded with 50% NPK + 50% FYM + biofertilizers. The same treatment also
produced the highest net return of Rs. 1,84,477 with cost-benefit ratio of
1:3.1.Chumyaniet al. (2012) also conducted an experiment on integrated nutrient
management and found that 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers recorded maximum
vitamin C and TSS in tomato.
ONION
Onion (Allium cepaL.) is a highly
nutrient-responsivecrop. Conventional methods of fertilization have
undoubtedlyhelped in improving both bulb yield andquality. But lately, routine
management practices in India appearto be incapable of maintaining yields over
the long-term.The steady depletion of native soil fertility and the
occurrenceof multiple nutrient deficiencies in onion fields has led to
theidentification of nutrient management as a key factor limitingsustainable
onion production (Sharma et al., 2003). Integratednutrient management (INM)
offers an effective strategy (Dimriand Singh, 2005; Santhiet al., 2005
Ethel Ngullieet al. (2009) carried out an investigation entitled “Effect of
organic manures and biofertilizer on the growth and yield of onion cv. Agrifound
Dark Red” in the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences and
Rural Development, Medziphema, Nagaland, during the period of October 2005-
February 2006. Eight treatments (control,
FYM @ 30 MT/ha, pig manure @ 20 MT/ha, vermicompost @ 5 MT/ha Azotobacter, FYM @ 30 MT/ha + Azotobacter, Pig manure @ 20 MT/ha + Azotobacterand vermicompost @ 5 MT/ha + Azotobacter) were taken in the
experiment. It was observed that various treatment have significant effect on
growth attributes. Growth
characteristics namely, height of plant (45.16 cm), number of leaves (13.66
cm), neck thickness (3.46 cm) per plant was observed maximum in Vermicompost + Azotobacterand the days taken to
maturity (125.00), was recorded minimum with treatment 30 MT farmyard manure
per hectare.Maximum bolting (0.63%) in onion was recorded with the combined
application of FYM + Azotobacter
while maximum doubling (0.40%) was with the treatment pig manure + Azotobacter.
Table 3.Effect of organic manures and biofertilizer on the
growth and yield of onion cv. Agrifound Dark Red carried out by Ethel Ngullieet al. (2009)
Height of plant (cm) 75DAP
|
Number of leaves per plant
|
Neck thickness (cm)
|
Days taken for maturity
|
Bulb diameter (cm)
|
Weight of bulb
|
Markettable yield (kg)
|
Dry matter content (%)
|
TSS
(ºBrix)
|
|
Control
|
30.14
|
10.30
|
2.13
|
126.66
|
3.00
|
19.93
|
0.468
|
7.66
|
12.20
|
FYM @
30MT/ha
|
45.16
|
13.66
|
3.46
|
125.00
|
5.99
|
40.00
|
1.369
|
9.00
|
14.26
|
Pig
manure @ 20 MT/ha
|
41.72
|
11.25
|
3.21
|
129.00
|
5.51
|
34.90
|
1.032
|
9.33
|
13.43
|
Vermicompost
@ 5MT/ha
|
38.06
|
11.00
|
2.91
|
127.00
|
4.76
|
28.30
|
0.749
|
6.50
|
11.63
|
Azotobacter
|
36.62
|
10.93
|
2.80
|
128.50
|
4.37
|
24.50
|
0.659
|
10.00
|
12.50
|
FYM + Azotobacter
|
41.76
|
12.16
|
3.26
|
128.00
|
5.57
|
36.00
|
1.178
|
11.33
|
13.06
|
Pig
manure + Azotobacter
|
40.43
|
11.25
|
3.13
|
127.66
|
5.42
|
31.00
|
0.952
|
8.66
|
12.76
|
Vermicompost
+ Azotobacter
|
39.61
|
11.23
|
3.12
|
127.00
|
4.73
|
30.20
|
0.922
|
8.50
|
12.26
|
1
CHILLI
A
field experiment was conducted by Kavita Bade Kailash during the period of
September 2012 to July 2013 at Horticulture Research Farm of School of
Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Medziphema, Nagaland to evaluate
the effect of organic manures and bio-fertilizers on the growth, yield and
quality of chilli cv. PusaJwala.
Treatments comprised : T1(Control), T2 (FYM @ 40
tha-1), T3 (Pig manure @ 30 tha-1), T4
(Poultry manure @ 20tha-1), T5(Vermicompost @ 10tha-1
), T6 (FYM+ Azotobacter),
T7 (Pig manure + Azotobacter),
T8(Poultry manure + Azotobacter),
T9(Vermicompost + Azotobacter),
T10(FYM+Azotobacter+
Phosphotika), T11 (Pig manure + Azotobacter
+ Phosphotika), T12(Poultry manure + Azotobacter +Phosphotika), T13 ( Vermicompost + Azotobacter+ Phosphotika). Among the various thirteen
treatments, the combination of poultry manure + Azotobacter + Phosphotika stimulated better response. The growth,
yield, ascorbic acid, TSS and NPK uptake by chilli plants were influenced by
the application of organic manures and bio-fertilizers in combination. The
maximum dry yield of 10.93q ha-1,
ascorbic acid content of 300.00
mg, TSS (12 0 Brix) and 312.50kg ha-1, 20.15 kg ha-1
and 264.00 kg ha-1 of NPK uptake and the highest profit were
recorded in the treatment combination of
Poultry manure + Azotobacter +
Phosphotika. Thus, combine use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers proved
better in improving the growth, yield and quality than using organic alone.
CAULIFLOWER
Tekasangla
(2012) carried out research on the ‘Effect of integrated nutrient management on
growth, yield and quality ofcauliflower (Brassica
oleraceae var. botrytis L.)’ in
the experimental farm of the School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural
Development, Medziphema, Nagaland University, during the period of October,
2011 to January, 2012. From the investigation the following results were being
found.
Integrated
application on 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Phosphotika) in cauliflower is considered the best
treatment in terms of plant growth, higher yield and comparative curd quality.
From this conclusion, we can draw that chemical fertilizers can be substituted
to 50% or even more by natural resources without any compromise on yield and
quality parameters of cauliflower when applied in an integrated mode with
manures and biofertilizers.
Integrated
use of chemical fertilizers with organic manure and biofertilizers is also
recommended over their lone application which increased the available nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon and pH after crop harvest, thereby
maintain the soil fertility.
Highest
net return (profit) can be obtained with the integrated nutrient application of
50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers under the foot-hill condition of Nagaland.
Table 4.Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth,
yield and quality of cauliflower (Brassica
oleraceae var. botrytis L.) by
Tekasangla (2012)
Treatments
|
Curd diamer
(cm)
|
Curd
size (cm2) |
Gross
curd weight (g) |
Net curd weight
(g) |
Yield per plot (kg)
|
Projected yield per
hectare (t) |
Curd
compactness |
Vitamin C
(mg/100 g) |
Net income
|
Cost benefit ratio
|
Pig manure (20 t
ha-1)
|
10.39
|
78.08
|
608.00
|
202.00
|
2.42
|
7.48
|
21.17
|
11.60
|
73100
|
1:0.96
|
Vermicompost (10
t ha-1)
|
10.70
|
80.20
|
580.00
|
221.33
|
2.65
|
8.19
|
20.93
|
10.90
|
1300
|
1:0.01
|
100% NPK
(120:60:60 kg ha-1)
|
11.93
|
94.00
|
702.67
|
276.67
|
3.30
|
10.20
|
22.78
|
20.01
|
137000
|
1:2.04
|
50% NPK + 50%
FYM
|
10.90
|
83.77
|
680.67
|
230.00
|
2.72
|
8.39
|
22.30
|
14.98
|
85550
|
1:1.18
|
50% NPK + 50%
Pig manure
|
11.10
|
84.53
|
672.00
|
236.00
|
2.83
|
8.73
|
22.05
|
14.02
|
102850
|
1:1.43
|
50% NPK + 50%
Vermicompost
|
11.40
|
83.63
|
640.00
|
244.67
|
2.94
|
9.06
|
22.05
|
13.89
|
66450
|
1:0.57
|
50% NPK + 50%
FYM + Biofertilizer
|
12.73
|
108.13
|
866.67
|
351.33
|
4.21
|
13.00
|
24.45
|
25.15
|
187750
|
1:2.59
|
50% NPK + 50%
Pig manure + Biofertilizers
|
12.23
|
101.35
|
752.00
|
284.67
|
3.42
|
10.55
|
23.55
|
22.43
|
139200
|
1;1.94
|
50% NPK + 50%
Vermicompost + Biofertilizers
|
10.80
|
79.67
|
729.33
|
238.67
|
2.86
|
8.82
|
23.05
|
21.12
|
61600
|
1:0.54
|
NAGA KING CHILLI 
Naga King chilli is one of the most important
vegetable crop of Nagaland which is highly used in food purposes and has a high
economic value in the market. King Chilli(Capsicum
chinenseJackquin) belongs to family Solanaceae. It is also called Naga Raja
Mircha, Naga Jolokia is important crop in the Naga kitchen and considered the
hottest chilli in the world (855000 SHU) (Mathueet al., 2000).
The major constraint to chilli production in
Nagaland is fruit rot disease caused by Colletotrichumcapsici
and in the country losses varying from 10-60% have been reported. (Patilet al., 1993; Pandey and Pandey, 2003).
Under the prevailing warm and humid climatic conditions of Nagaland, fruit rot
disease of chilli, especially on King chilli has been found a major limiting
factor towards optimum production. Although chemicals are available for the
management of fruit rot, a continuous inappropriate use of chemical is known to
cause undesirable effects such as residual toxicity, development of resistance,
environmental pollution, health hazards. Using of plant extracts having toxic
properties against phytopathogen is now being explored largely due to their
easy decomposition, non environmental pollution, non-residual toxicity and
non-phytotoxic properties (Dixit et al., 1979). Bioagents of late have been
known to induce systemic resistance against several plant diseases (Ramamoorthyet al., 2001; Radajacommareet al., 2002). Based on the
effectiveness of antagonists organism and plant
extracts, the antagonists T. viride (2%), P. flourescens (2%), Bacillus
subtilis (2%), T. harzianum (2%), plant extrcts of Allium indica (10%), A.
sativum (10%), D. hemiltonii (10%), Ocimum sanctum (10%) were tested for
management of fruit rot in the field. Among the biological agents T.viride (2%)
and P. fluorescens (2%) resulted in the minimum fruit rot incidence. Although
Bavistin was observed to be the most effective treatment, there are numerous
reports of negative effects of chemical on farmers’ income and health and toxic
contamination to the environment, particularly in developing countries (Voorips
et al., 2004). There is a need to incorporate alternative control component
that are effective in controlling the disease and combined use of plant
extracts and bioagents should be used for better protection of King chili.
Vimera (2009) carried out an investigation on the
effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of king
chilli (Capsicum chinense) and
reported that the integrated application of 50% NPK + 50% FYM + Biofertilizers
(Azotobacter + Phosphotica) in king
chilli is considered the best treatment in terms of plant growth, higher yield,
comparative fruit quality, soil fertility status after harvest and net return
(profit) under the foot hill conditions of Nagaland. From his conclusion we can
draw that the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced to 50% or even more
without any compromise on yield and quality parameters of king chilli when
applied in an integrated mode with manures and biofertilizers. Also that the
integrated use of chemical fertilizers with organic manure and biofertilizers
is therefore recommended over their lone application for optimum plant growth,
yield, productivity, quality and profitability in king chilli cultivation which
is also in aligned with sustainable use of soil.
Table 5. Effect of
integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of king chilli (Capsicum chinense) by Vimera (2009)
Treatments
|
Plant height(145 DAT)
|
Number of branches/plant
|
Number of leaves
|
No. of fruits
|
Fruit weight (g)
|
Fruit length (cm)
|
Yield/plant (g)
|
Yield /ha (q ha-1)
|
Vitamin c(mg/100g)
|
SHU%
|
Control
|
67.89
|
65.67
|
163.33
|
78.70
|
5.72
|
4.81
|
447.92
|
44.83
|
25.00
|
2.54
|
FYM (20t/h)
|
82.33
|
67.00
|
313.33
|
89.34
|
6.94
|
5.22
|
617.97
|
61.78
|
58.33
|
2.69
|
Pigmanure (15t/ha)
|
82.17
|
73.00
|
277.33
|
86.91
|
6.91
|
5.39
|
600.59
|
60.17
|
41.67
|
2.72
|
Vermicompost (5t/ha)
|
81.50
|
70.00
|
195.00
|
85.73
|
6.54
|
6.06
|
560.64
|
56.17
|
41.67
|
3.10
|
100% NPK (90:60:60)
|
79.67
|
76.33
|
381.00
|
105.88
|
6.99
|
6.26
|
738.06
|
73.89
|
33.33
|
3.14
|
50% NPK + 50% FYM
|
87.17
|
82.33
|
411.00
|
134.07
|
7.31
|
6.54
|
980.12
|
98.05
|
66.67
|
3.84
|
50% NPK + 50% pigmanure
|
88.33
|
87.00
|
428.00
|
128.85
|
7.30
|
6.92
|
939.71
|
87.39
|
75.00
|
4.01
|
50% NPK + 50%vermicompost
|
87.80
|
83.00
|
401.33
|
117.76
|
7.31
|
6.87
|
861.04
|
86.17
|
75.00
|
4.14
|
50% NPK + 50% FYM + 50%biofertilizers
|
106.00
|
105.33
|
466.33
|
147.20
|
7.81
|
7.07
|
1149.84
|
110.56
|
116.67
|
4.27
|
50% NPK + 50%pigmanure + biofertilizes
|
97.00
|
101.67
|
448.00
|
142.20
|
7.62
|
6.92
|
1065.47
|
106.56
|
108.33
|
5.30
|
50% NPK + 50% vermicompost +
biofertiizers
|
95.82
|
93.33
|
419.67
|
142.00
|
7.50
|
6,63
|
1035.22
|
103.56
|
83.33
|
4.06
|
Burned soil +wood ash +20t FYM
|
89.20
|
89.33
|
408.33
|
135.84
|
7.56
|
7.02
|
1047.63
|
104.78
|
83.33
|
4.16
|
CAPSICUM
Santosh
(2012) studied the different sources of manuring on growth, yield and quality
of capsicum cv. California Wonder under lowcost poly-house condition in
Medziphema campus and reported that the growth characters and yield in capsicum
showed the best with the integrated application of 50% FYM and 50% NPK biofertilizers.
Similarly the quality parameters like TSS content (9.55 ºBrix) and ascorbic
acid content (126.31 mg/100g) was recorded best with application of 50% FYM and
50% NPK biofertilizers. Also, the economies of different treatments were
calculated and highest profit (Rs 7,93,858) and highest cost benefit ratio of
1: 8.16 was obtained from the integrated application of 50% FYM and 50% NPK
biofertilizers. So from the investigation done by Santosh (2012), it was
reported that application of 50% FYM + 50% NPK + Biofertilizers had beneficial
effect on the growth, yield, quality and net income (profit) in capsicum
cultivation under low cost poly house condition.
Table.6 Effect of
different sources of manuring on growth, yield and quality of capsicum cv. California
Wonder
Treatments
|
Plant height (cm) 90 DAT
|
Number of leaves
|
Leaf area (cm2)
|
No of fruits plant-1
|
Yield hectare-1 (kg)
|
TSS (ºBrix)
|
Vitamin C (mg 100g-1)
|
Net income (Rs ha-1)
|
Cost Benefir ratio
|
Control
|
31.14
|
18.03
|
26.47
|
4.11
|
78.89
|
7.10
|
86.04
|
148200
|
1:1.67
|
100% NPK
|
41.13
|
30.82
|
39.30
|
9.60
|
224.81
|
7.60
|
97.21
|
578506
|
1:6.03
|
FYM
|
38.39
|
30.53
|
37.26
|
7.25
|
108.88
|
7.43
|
95.18
|
228140
|
1:2.32
|
Pig manure 15t
|
36.52
|
30.09
|
34.64
|
6.82
|
94.44
|
7.39
|
92.73
|
185820
|
1:1.90
|
Vermicompost 10t
|
40.17
|
31.32
|
42.68
|
7.83
|
134.44
|
7.73
|
108.15
|
214820
|
1:1.14
|
50% FYM + 50% NPK
|
46.76
|
33.81
|
46.57
|
8.92
|
184.07
|
7.91
|
114.20
|
454998
|
1:4.68
|
50% Pig manure + 50% NPK
|
44.64
|
32.34
|
44.26
|
8.74
|
166.30
|
7.81
|
111.04
|
402188
|
1:4.16
|
50% Vermicompost + 50% NPK
|
48.41
|
33.40
|
48.47
|
9.40
|
193.33
|
8.06
|
117.00
|
437778
|
1:3.o8
|
50% FYM + 50% NPK+Biofertilizers
|
54.46
|
38.89
|
54.60
|
10.48
|
297.04
|
9.55
|
126.31
|
793858
|
1:8.16
|
50% Pig Manure + 50%NPK
+Biofertilizers
|
49.24
|
34.65
|
50.77
|
9.87
|
247.41
|
8.43
|
120.88
|
645468
|
1:6.67
|
50% Vermicompost + 50% NPK+
Biofertilizers
|
52.36
|
35.31
|
50.95
|
10.32
|
290.00
|
8.77
|
123.23
|
727738
|
1:5.11
|
4.
SCOPE
AND IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC INPUT USE IN NAGALAND
Nagaland has many natural advantages to
promote organic farming because traditionally, the Nagas have practiced a
system of agricultural practices without the use of external inputs. The
nutrients requirement of crops, in the traditional agricultural system of the
Nagas, depends only on the natural resources (biomass). The average cycle of
jhum cultivation is between 8-10 years. The availability of plant nutrients in
the soil due to re-generation of biomass during the jhum cycle is sufficient to
sustain crop productions economically without the use of Chemical and synthetic
inputs. Concentration of crops of the same species, in a particulars area, for
a prolonged period is avoided which minimizes the insect or pest occurrence.
This reduces the need for chemicals and pesticides. Over 70% of the total
cultivate area in the State is under shifting cultivation where no chemical,
synthetic or plastic inputs are utilized in the cultivation process. In
Nagaland the use of synthetic inputs is assessed at only 1.5 kgs per hectare in
terms of NPK. This is negligible by any standard.
The policy to adopt Organic Cultivation
in Nagaland aims to produce healthy food materials of high nutritive value, preserve
and maintain environment and ecosystem,encourage and enhance biological system
within the farming system involving micro organisms, soil, flora and fauna,
plants and animals. To promote the healthy use and proper care of water and the
water resources and life sustained therein to keep and build good soil
structure and fertility and promote the conservation of soil and waste.
The
State Organic Policy encompasses objectivesto minimize all forms of pollution
that may result from nonorganicagricultural practices, non agricultural and
industrial waste, maintain genetic diversity of the agricultural system and its
surroundings, including protection of plants, livestock and wildlife habitats, improve
the quality of human life through healthy food, enhance the incomes of the
people and promote the economy of the state people through the increased value
of goods organically cultivated, promote other ancillary economic activities
such as production and manufacture of bio-fertilisers, manure, bio-agents and
other inputs that will create industries and add to employment and livelihood
of the people. To promote and develop through research the immensepotentials
inherent in the bio diversity of Nagaland that will lead to improving the
quality of Organic cultivation.ICCOA(International Competence Centre for
Organic Agriculture) is implementing projects in six districts of Nagaland to
develop a cluster of 250 ha in Nagaland with organic farming, certification and
market linkages.
5. NEED OF GOVERNMENT
SUPPORT
Nagaland is one of the
foremost organically cultivated states in India, most farmland in the state has
never seen inorganic inputs, most of the farmers are intimately connected to
age-old organic farming practices with the use of diverse organic inputs which
is considered to be good for the soil.
An interview with one
of the organic farmer of Nagaland, Asen, from Peren districtwho is a grower of
the world’s hottest chilli (King Chilli) said that he has always been into
organic farming and he is waiting for his formal certification. He said he gets
advice from the experts in the horticulture industry in Nagaland and from ICCOA
on how to speed up produce and how to use traditional techniques in sync with
modern technology and machinery. But the moment there is no significant support
from the government to farmers. Apart from this he is also working on creating
awareness about organic farming to other farming communities.
The
state already have an organic board which shall be assisted in its function by
a Working Group constituted comprising of the concerned technical Departments
of the State. There shall be an Organic Board Office to be manned by and
consisting of offices drawn from the various Departments. In the long term a
full-fledged Organic Board office shall be set up. The organic Board should
maintain funds as to achieve the goals as set out in the policy for organic
cultivation. This shall consists of the funds received from the Central
Government and other agencies, allocation from the State plan and any other
sources as the Board may so obtain. It may also raise loans from the State
Government. The Central Government or from any other sources may be approved by
the State Government of Nagaland for the development of organic cultivation in
the State. Funding support to implement the various policy initiatives
enunciated shall be provided from the programme funds of the various related
departments of the State which shall include subsidies of the State and
institutional finance from financing agencies and private investors.
The
State Government shall facilitate Marketing process of the surplus organic
products through the APMC and also with the assistance further agencies such as
APFDA, SFAC, NABARD. Involvement of private enterprises will be accorded with
the highest priority. The state government has signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with Bangalore based International Competence Centre for
Organic Agriculture (ICCOA) to promote organic agriculture and its trade in the
state.
6.
CONCLUSION
The
health of man, animal, plant and soil is one indivisible whole, the health of
the soil depends on maintaining its biological balance and starting with a
truly fertile soil, the crops grown on it, the livestock fed on those crops and
the humans fed on both have a standard of health and power of resisting disease
and infection greatly in advance of anything ordinarily found in this country.
(Lady Eve Balfour, The Living soil, 1943)
Health problems,
quality consciousness and degradation of natural resources on the environment
have thrown new challenges. Due to these burning problems, organic farming is
gaining importance towards achieving sustainability in crop production. Use of
organic manures is inherent in Indian farming system. However, after the advent
of chemical fertilizers, the importance of organic manuring has received least
attention among the farming community, leading to increased toxicity in soil
and farm produce.
Therefore,
soil organic matter content has to be built up by recycling the organic wastes
so that the production level is sustained at a desired level. Organics also
provide balanced nutrition in addition to enhancing water holding capacity and
improving physical, chemical and biological properties of soil which assist in
better uptake of nutrients. The role of organic manure to enhance the growth
characters is well known and they also have a positive relationship with growth
in crops. Farmyard manure (FYM) being a bulky organic material, releases the
soil compaction and improves the aeration in addition to the supply of
essential plant nutrients and organic matter, thereby increasing the soil
biological activities. FYM also provide room for the better microbial
establishment along with accumulation of excess humus content (Haywarthet
al., 1966). Organic manures are more efficient than inorganic fertilizers
(Sharma, 1991). The better efficiency of organic manures in combination with
inorganic fertilizers might be due to the fact that the organic manures would
have provided the micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, manganese etc. at an
optimum level.
7.
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